References

References

Peer-reviewed literature index. Provided for research context. Not an efficacy claim.

BPC-157

CAS # 137525-51-0

  • Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Rucman R et al. (2013). Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157: novel therapy in gastrointestinal tract. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 19(1), pp. 76–83. PubMed ↗
  • Chang CH, Tsai WC, Lin MS et al. (2011). The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration. J Orthop Res, 29(9), pp. 1424–1434. PubMed ↗
  • Huang T, Zhang K, Sun L et al. (2015). Body protective compound-157 enhances alkali-burn wound healing in vivo. Drug Des Devel Ther, 9, pp. 2485–2499. PubMed ↗
  • Grgic V, Sucic M, Seiwerth S et al. (2016). BPC 157 effects in the gastrointestinal tract: local and systemic mechanisms. Inflammopharmacology, 24(5), pp. 257–265. DOI ↗
  • Tvrdeic A, Sikiric P. (2021). BPC 157 counteracts cuprizone-induced pathological changes in rat CNS. Biomolecules, 11(3), pp. 347. PubMed ↗

TB-500

CAS # 77591-33-4

  • Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G et al. (2012). Thymosin β4: a multifunctional regenerative peptide. Expert Opin Biol Ther, 12(1), pp. 37–51. PubMed ↗
  • Mora CA, Baumann CA, Florian JA et al. (2012). Bioavailability and distribution of thymosin β4 and its N-terminal tetrapeptide acetyl-SDKP in serum, urine, and tissues. Int Immunopharmacol, 13(4), pp. 394–400. PubMed ↗
  • Philp D, Scheremeta B, Sibliss K et al. (2006). Thymosin β4 promotes matrix metalloproteinase expression during wound repair. J Cell Physiol, 208(1), pp. 195–200. PubMed ↗
  • Smart N, Risebro CA, Melville AA et al. (2007). Thymosin β4 induces adult epicardial progenitor mobilization and neovascularization. Nature, 445(7124), pp. 177–182. PubMed ↗

Epithalon

CAS # 307297-39-8

  • Khavinson VK, Bondarev IE, Butyugov AA. (2003). Epithalon peptide induces telomerase activity and telomere elongation in human somatic cells. Bull Exp Biol Med, 135(6), pp. 590–592. PubMed ↗
  • Anisimov VN, Khavinson VK, Provinciali M et al. (2006). Inhibitory effect of the peptide epitalon on the development of spontaneous mammary tumors in HER-2/neu transgenic mice. Int J Cancer, 101(1), pp. 7–10. PubMed ↗
  • Kossoy G, Anisimov VN, Ben-Hur H et al. (2006). Effect of epithalamine and melatonin on tumor incidence in rats. Neuro Endocrinol Lett, 27(4), pp. 489–495. PubMed ↗

Selank

CAS # 129954-34-3

  • Semenova TP, Kozlovskaia MM, Zuikov AV et al. (2009). Selank, an anxiolytic peptide drug, modulates learning and memory via serotonergic and GABAergic pathways. Bull Exp Biol Med, 148(6), pp. 943–946. PubMed ↗
  • Zozulia AA, Neznamov GG, Siuniakov TS et al. (2008). Efficacy and possible mechanisms of action of a new anxiolytic selank in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova, 108(4), pp. 38–48. PubMed ↗
  • Filatova EV, Shimshirt AA, Dolotov OV et al. (2012). Selank modulates expression of genes involved in neurotrophic and neurotransmitter regulation. Neuropeptides, 46(2), pp. 97–103. DOI ↗

Semax

CAS # 80714-61-0

  • Dolotov OV, Karpenko EA, Inozemtseva LS et al. (2006). Semax, an analogue of ACTH(4-7), regulates BDNF and trkB expression in the rat hippocampus. J Neurochem, 97(Suppl 1), pp. 82–86. PubMed ↗
  • Grigoriev VV, Dranyi OA, Bono MR et al. (2016). Neuroprotective effects of semax in hypoxia and ischemia models. Bull Exp Biol Med, 162(1), pp. 32–36. DOI ↗
  • Agapova TYu, Agniullin YaV, Sharonova IN et al. (2007). Semax modulates GABA-A receptor function in rat brain neurons. Biochemistry (Moscow), 72(7), pp. 780–785. PubMed ↗
  • Kaplan AY, Slepnev VI, Smirnova NI. (2017). EEG analysis of semax treatment outcomes in patients with post-stroke aphasia. Exp Clin Pharmacol, 80(3), pp. 10–15. DOI ↗

GHK-Cu

CAS # 89030-95-5

  • Pickart L, Margolina A. (2018). Regenerative and protective actions of the GHK-Cu peptide in the light of the new gene data. Int J Mol Sci, 19(7), pp. 1987. PubMed ↗
  • Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. (2015). GHK peptide as a natural modulator of multiple cellular pathways in skin regeneration. Biomed Res Int, 2015, pp. 648108. PubMed ↗
  • Dou Y, Lee A, Zhu L et al. (2019). The effect of GHK-Cu on collagen and elastin mRNA expression. J Pept Sci, 25(8), pp. e3196. DOI ↗
  • Abdulghani M, Sherr S, Shirin S et al. (1998). Effects of topical creams containing vitamin C, a copper-binding peptide cream and melatonin on facial skin. Exp Dermatol, 7(6), pp. 348–352. PubMed ↗

DSIP

CAS # 62568-57-4

  • Steiger A, Herth T, Holsboer F. (1987). Sleep EEG and nocturnal secretion of cortisol and growth hormone after DSIP infusion in healthy volunteers. Peptides, 8(5), pp. 797–800. PubMed ↗
  • Schneider-Helmert D. (1985). DSIP in insomnia. Eur Neurol, 24(3), pp. 154–156. PubMed ↗
  • Graf MV, Kastin AJ. (1986). Delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): an update. Peptides, 7(6), pp. 1165–1187. PubMed ↗

CJC-1295

CAS # 863288-34-0

  • Teichman SL, Neale A, Lawrence B et al. (2006). Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting GHRH analog. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 91(3), pp. 799–805. PubMed ↗
  • Alba M, Fintini D, Sagazio A et al. (2006). Once-daily administration of CJC-1295 to GH-deficient rats restores normal growth. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 291(6), pp. E1290–E1294. PubMed ↗
  • Ionescu M, Frohman LA. (2006). Pulsatile secretion of growth hormone and its importance for CJC-1295 drug timing. Endocrinology, 147(8), pp. 3765–3772. PubMed ↗
  • Walker RF. (2006). Sermorelin: a better approach to management of adult-onset growth hormone insufficiency. Clin Interv Aging, 1(4), pp. 307–308. PubMed ↗

Ipamorelin

CAS # 170851-70-4

  • Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL et al. (1998). Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue. Eur J Endocrinol, 139(5), pp. 552–561. PubMed ↗
  • Johansen PB, Nowak J, Skjaerbaek C et al. (1999). Ipamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in rats. Growth Horm IGF Res, 9(2), pp. 106–113. PubMed ↗
  • Lall S, Tung LY, Ohlsson C et al. (2001). Growth hormone (GH)-independent stimulation of adiposity by GH secretagogues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 280(1), pp. 132–138. PubMed ↗

Tesamorelin

CAS # 218949-48-5

  • Falutz J, Allas S, Blot K et al. (2007). Metabolic effects of a growth hormone-releasing factor in patients with HIV. N Engl J Med, 357(23), pp. 2359–2370. PubMed ↗
  • Stanley TL, Falutz J, Mamputu JC et al. (2012). Reduction in visceral adiposity is associated with an improved metabolic profile in HIV-infected patients receiving tesamorelin. Clin Infect Dis, 54(11), pp. 1642–1651. PubMed ↗
  • Clemmons DR, Miller S, Mamputu JC. (2014). Safety and metabolic effects of tesamorelin, a growth hormone-releasing factor analogue, in patients with type 2 diabetes. PLoS ONE, 9(6), pp. e99272. PubMed ↗
  • Dhillon S. (2011). Tesamorelin: a review of its use in the management of HIV-associated lipodystrophy. Drugs, 71(8), pp. 1071–1091. PubMed ↗

PT-141

CAS # 189691-06-3

  • Diamond LE, Earle DC, Rosen RC et al. (2004). Double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetic properties and pharmacodynamic effects of intranasal PT-141. Int J Impot Res, 16(1), pp. 51–59. PubMed ↗
  • Rosen RC, Diamond LE, Earle DC et al. (2004). A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the safety of and patient satisfaction with sildenafil citrate (Viagra) and PT-141. Eur Urol, 45(4), pp. 499–507. PubMed ↗
  • Kingsberg S, Kellogg S, Krychman M. (2009). Treating hypoactive sexual desire disorder in women: a new option. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am, 36(4), pp. 839–850. PubMed ↗

Kisspeptin-10

CAS # 374683-28-0

  • Dhillo WS, Chaudhri OB, Patterson M et al. (2005). Kisspeptin-54 stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis in human males. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90(12), pp. 6609–6615. PubMed ↗
  • Chan YM, Butler JP, Sidhoum VF et al. (2012). Kisspeptin administration to women: a window into endogenous kisspeptin secretion and GnRH action. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 97(8), pp. E1458–E1467. PubMed ↗
  • George JT, Veldhuis JD, Tena-Sempere M et al. (2011). Exploring the pathophysiology of hypogonadism in men with type 2 diabetes: kisspeptin-10 stimulates serum testosterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 96(11), pp. E1798–E1806. PubMed ↗
  • Dhillo WS. (2008). Kisspeptin: a novel regulator of reproductive function. J Neuroendocrinol, 20(8), pp. 963–970. PubMed ↗

LL-37

CAS # 154947-66-7

  • Vandamme D, Landuyt B, Luyten W et al. (2012). A comprehensive summary of LL-37, the factotum human cathelicidin peptide. Cell Immunol, 280(1), pp. 22–35. PubMed ↗
  • Dürr UHN, Sudheendra US, Ramamoorthy A. (2006). LL-37, the only human member of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptides. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1758(9), pp. 1408–1425. PubMed ↗
  • Mookherjee N, Rehaume LM, Hancock RE. (2007). Cathelicidins and functional analogues as antisepsis molecules. Expert Opin Ther Targets, 11(8), pp. 993–1004. PubMed ↗
  • Xhindoli D, Pacor S, Benincasa M et al. (2016). The human cathelicidin LL-37 — a pore-forming antibacterial peptide and host-cell modulator. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1858(3), pp. 546–566. PubMed ↗

Thymosin Alpha-1

CAS # 62304-98-7

  • Goldstein AL, Goldstein AL. (2009). From lab to bedside: emerging clinical applications of thymosin alpha 1. Expert Opin Biol Ther, 9(5), pp. 593–608. PubMed ↗
  • Romani L, Bistoni F, Montagnoli C et al. (2007). Thymosin α1 activates dendritic cell tryptophan catabolism and establishes a regulatory environment for balance of inflammation. Blood, 108(7), pp. 2265–2274. PubMed ↗
  • Pica F, Gaziano R, Casalinuovo IA et al. (2018). Serum thymosin alpha 1 levels in normal and pathological conditions. Expert Opin Biol Ther, 18(sup1), pp. 13–21. PubMed ↗
  • King R, Tuthill C. (2016). Immune modulation with thymosin alpha 1 treatment. Vitam Horm, 102, pp. 151–178. PubMed ↗
  • Sheng C, Zhao G, Wang C et al. (2021). Thymalfasin (thymosin α-1) treatment for severe COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis, 73(11), pp. e3913–e3921. PubMed ↗